Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your November 17 shopping experience:

1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the November 17 offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of November 17 at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.

2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about

3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a November 17? Wrong! If the November 17 is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.

4. Questions - Got a question about November 17 then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....

5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling November 17? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about November 17 and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.

6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your November 17 wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.

7. Feedback - happy with your November 17 then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.

8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the November 17 site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site

9. Contact - got a question about November 17, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.

10. Payment - ready to pay for your November 17, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.

{| style="float:right;"|-||-| |} "Revolutionary Organization 17 November" is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising.

Events

• 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers.
• 473 - The future Zeno I is named associate emperor by Emperor Leo I.
• 1183 - Battle of Mizushima.
• 1292 - (Julian calendar) John I of Scotland becomes King of Scotland.
• 1511 - Spain and England ally against France.
• 1558 - Elizabethan era begins: Queen Mary I of England dies and is succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth I of England.
• 1603 - England exploration, writer and courtier Walter Raleigh goes on trial for treason.
• 1659 - Peace of the Pyrenees is signed between France and Spain.
• 1777 - Articles of Confederation submitted to the states for ratification.
• 1796 - Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Arcole - France forces defeat the Austrians in Italy.
• 1800 - The United States Capitol building in Washington, DC holds its first session of the Congress of the United States.
• 1812 - Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Krasnoi.
• 1820 - Captain Nathaniel Palmer becomes the first United States to see Antarctica (the Palmer Peninsula was later named after him).
• 1827 - The Delta Phi Fraternity, America's oldest continuous social fraternity, was founded at Union College in Schenectady, NY.
• 1831 - Ecuador and Venezuela separate from Greater Colombia.
• 1839 - Giuseppe Verdi's first opera, Oberto (opera) opens in Milan.
• 1855 - David Livingstone becomes the first European to see Victoria Falls in what is now present-day Zambia-Zimbabwe.
• 1856 - American Old West: On the Sonoita River in present-day southern Arizona, the United States Army establishes Fort Buchanan, Arizona in order to help control new land acquired in the Gadsden Purchase.
• 1858 - Modified Julian Day zero.
• 1863 - American Civil War: Siege of Knoxville begins - Confederate States of America forces led by General James Longstreet place Knoxville, Tennessee under siege.
• 1869 - In Egypt, the Suez Canal, linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea, is inaugurated in an elaborate ceremony.
• 1871 - The National Rifle Association is granted a charter by the state of New York.
• 1876 - Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's patriotic Slavonic March made its premiere in Moscow to a warm reception by the Russian people.
• 1878 - First assassination attempt against Umberto I of Italy.
• 1886 - Premiere of the opera Mignon by Ambroise Thomas.
• 1903 - The Russian Social Democratic Labor Party splits into two groups; the Bolsheviks (Russian language for "majority") and Mensheviks (Russian for "minority").
• 1903 - Dahomey (current Benin) becomes a French protectorate.
• 1905 - The Eulsa Treaty is signed between Japan and Korea.
• 1911 - The Omega Psi Phi fraternity, the first African-American fraternity at a historically black college or university, is founded at Howard University in Washington, DC.
• 1919 - King George V of the United Kingdom proclaims Armistice Day (later Remembrance Day). The idea was first suggested by Edward George Honey.
• 1922 - Former Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI goes into exile in Italy.
• 1933 - United States recognizes Soviet Union.
• 1939 - Nine Czech people students are executed as a response to anti-Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia demonstrations prompted by the death of Jan Opletal; in addition, Czech universities are shut down and over a thousand Czech students sent to concentration camps. November 17 declared International Student's day.
• 1939 - The Rome-Rio de Janeiro air connection is created.
• 1941 - World War II: Joseph Grew, the United States ambassador to Japan, cables the United States Department of State that Japan has plans to launch an Attack on Pearl Harbor against Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (his cable is ignored).
• 1950 - Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama, the 14th Dalai Lama, was enthroned as Tibet's head of state at the age of fifteen.
• 1953 - The remaining human inhabitants of the Blasket Islands, Kerry, Ireland were evacuated to the mainland.
• 1954 - Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser becomes president of Egypt.
• 1962 - President of the United States John F. Kennedy dedicates Dulles International Airport, serving the Washington, D.C. region.
• 1967 - Vietnam War: Acting on optimistic reports he was given on November 13, US President Lyndon B. Johnson tells his nation that, while much remained to be done, "We are inflicting greater losses than we're taking...We are making progress."
• 1968 - Alexandros Panagoulis condemned to death by the Greek Colonels' Junta.
• 1969 - Cold War: Negotiators from the Soviet Union and the United States meet in Helsinki to begin SALT I negotiations aimed at limiting the number of strategic weapons on both sides.
• 1970 - Vietnam War: Lieutenant William Calley goes on trial for the My Lai massacre.
• 1970 - Luna program: The Soviet Union lands Lunokhod 1 on Mare Imbrium (Sea of Rains) on the Moon. This is the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on another world and was released by the orbiting Luna 17 spacecraft.
• 1970 - Douglas Engelbart receives the patent for the first computer mouse.
• 1973 - Watergate scandal: In Orlando, Florida, US President Richard Nixon tells 400 Associated Press managing editors "I am not a crook".
• 1973 - The Athens Polytechnic Uprising against the military Greek military junta of 1967-1974 ends in a bloodshed in the Greek capital.
• 1974 - Worker-Peasant Alliance (Worker-Peasant Alliance) founded in Portugal, as a front of Communist Party of Portugal (Marxist-Leninist) (1974).
• 1978 - The Star Wars Holiday Special aired one time only on CBS.
• 1983 - The Zapatista Army of National Liberation is founded
• 1985 - The first edition of Phrack is released. It became the oldest computer underground magazine still running after its 20 years of existence.
• 1989 - Cold War: Velvet Revolution begins - In Czechoslovakia a student demonstration in Prague is quelled by riot police. This sparks an uprising aimed at overthrowing the communism government (it succeeds on December 29).
• 1990 - Fugendake, part of the Mount Unzen volcanic complex, Nagasaki prefecture, Japan becomes active again and erupts.
• 1997 - In Luxor, Egypt, 62 people are killed by 6 Islamic militants outside the Temple of Hatshepsut (The police then kill the assailants).
• 2000 - A catastrophic landslide in Log pod Mangartom, Slovenia, kills 7, and causes millions of Slovenian tolar of damage. It is one of the worst catastrophes in Slovenia in the past 100 years.
• 2000 - Alberto Fujimori is removed from office as president of Peru.
• 2003 - Arnold Schwarzenegger is inaugurated as Governor of California.
• 2004 - Kmart Corp. announces it is buying Sears, Roebuck and Co. for $11 billion and naming the newly merged company Sears Holdings Corporation.
• 2005 - Italy's choice of national anthem, Il Canto degli Italiani, becomes official in law for the first time, almost 60 years after it was provisionally chosen following the Birth of the Italian Republic.
• 2006 - Official naming of element 111, Roentgenium (Rg).

Births

• 9 - Vespasian, Roman Emperor (d. 79)
• 1502 - Atahualpa, last emperor of the Inca (d. 1533)
• 1503 - Agnolo Bronzino, Italian painter (d. 1572)
• 1576 - Roque Gonzales (missionary), Paraguayan missionary (d. 1628)
• 1587 - Joost van den Vondel, Dutch poet (d. 1679)
• 1612 - Dorgon, Manchu prince (d. 1650)
• 1681 - Pierre François le Courayer, French theologian (d. 1776)
• 1685 - Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de la Vérendrye, French-Canadian trader and explorer (d. 1749)
• 1717 - Jean le Rond d'Alembert, French mathematician (d. 1783)
• 1755 - Louis XVIII of France (d. 1824)
• 1765 - Étienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre MacDonald, French marshal (d. 1840)
• 1790 - August Ferdinand Möbius, German mathematician (d. 1868)
• 1793 - Charles Lock Eastlake, British painter (d. 1865)
• 1799 - Titian Peale, American artist (d. 1885)
• 1816 - August Wilhelm Ambros, Austrian composer (d. 1876)
• 1827 - Petko Slavejkov, Bulgarian writer (d. 1895)
• 1835 - Andrew L. Harris, governor of Ohio (d. 1915)
• 1854 - Hubert Lyautey, French general (d. 1934)
• 1857 - Joseph Babiński, Polish-French neurologist (d. 1932)
• 1866 - Voltairine de Cleyre, American anarchist (d. 1912)
• 1868 - Korbinian Brodmann, German neurologist (d. 1918)
• 1877 - Frank Calder, the first NHL President (d. 1943)
• 1878 - Grace Abbott, American social worker (d. 1939)
• 1878 - Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist (d. 1968)
• 1887 - Bernard Montgomery, British World War II commander (d. 1976)
• 1894 - Richard Nikolaus Graf Coudenhove-Kalergi, Austrian politician (d. 1972)
• 1895 - Mikhail Bakhtin, Russian philosopher (d. 1975)
• 1895 - Gregorio López y Fuentes, Mexican author (d. 1966)
• 1896 - Lev Vygotsky, Russian psychologist (d. 1934)
• 1897 - Frank Fay(U.S.-born), American actor (d. 1961)
• 1899 - Douglas Shearer, Canadian film sound engineer (d. 1971)
• 1901 - Walter Hallstein, German politician (d. 1982)
• 1901 - Lee Strasberg, Austrian director (d. 1982)
• 1902 - Eugene Wigner, Hungarian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1995)
• 1904 - Isamu Noguchi, American sculptor (d. 1988)
• 1905 - Queen Astrid of the Belgians (d. 1935)
• 1905 - Mischa Auer, American actor (d. 1967)
• 1906 - Soichiro Honda, Japanese automobile pioneer (d. 1992)
• 1906 - Rollie Stiles, American baseball player (d. 2007)
• 1907 - Israel Regardie, Aleister Crowley's secretary (d. 1985)
• 1911 - Christian Fouchet, French diplomat (d. 1974)
• 1916 - Shelby Foote, American historian (d. 2005)
• 1920 - Camillo Felgen, Luxembourgish singer (d. 2005)
• 1922 - Stanley Cohen (doctor), American biochemist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
• 1923 - Bert Sutcliffe, New Zealand cricketer (d. 2001)
• 1923 - Hubertus Brandenburg, Roman Catholic Bishop of Stockholm
• 1925 - Rock Hudson, American actor (d. 1985)
• 1925 - Charles Mackerras, Australian-born conductor
• 1927 - Robert Brown (US actor), American actor
• 1928 - Rance Howard, American actor
• 1929 - Norm Zauchin, baseball player (d. 1999)
• 1930 - Bob Mathias, American decathlete (d. 2006)
• 1935 - Bobby Joe Conrad, American football player
• 1935 - Toni Sailer, Austrian skier
• 1936 - Dahlia Ravikovitch, Israeli poet (d. 2005)
• 1937 - Peter Cook, British comedian (d. 1995)
• 1938 - Gordon Lightfoot, Canadian singer
• 1939 - Auberon Waugh, British author (d. 2001)
• 1940 - Luke Kelly, Irish folk music singer and banjo player
• 1942 - Martin Scorsese, American film director
• 1942 - Khang Khek Leu, Cambodian politician
• 1943 - Lauren Hutton, American actress
• 1944 - Jim Boeheim, Hall of Fame Coach
• 1944 - Danny DeVito, American actor
• 1944 - Rem Koolhaas, Dutch architect
• 1944 - Lorne Michaels, Canadian producer
• 1944 - Tom Seaver, baseball player
• 1945 - Elvin Hayes, American basketball player
• 1946 - Terry E. Branstad, Governor of Iowa
• 1946 - Martin Barre, English rock musician (Jethro Tull (band))
• 1947 - Steven E. de Souza, American scriptwriter
• 1947 - Inky Mark, Canadian politician
• 1948 - Howard Dean, American politician
• 1949 - Nguyễn Tấn Dũng, Prime Minister of Vietnam
• 1950 - Tom Walkinshaw, British businessman
• 1951 - Stephen Root, American actor
• 1951 - Dean Paul Martin, American singer and actor (d. 1987)
• 1952 - Ties Kruize, Dutch field hockey player
• 1954 - Mark Brandon Read, Australian criminal
• 1955 - Dennis Maruk, Canadian hockey player
• 1955 - Yolanda King, actress/activist, daughter of Martin Luther King, Jr. (d. 2007)
• 1957 - Debbie Thrower, BBC News Reader
• 1958 - Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, American actress
• 1960 - Jonathan Ross (English TV presenter), British presenter
• 1960 - Kirk Fogg, host of Legends of the Hidden Temple
• 1960 - RuPaul, American drag queen entertainer
• 1962 - Dédé Fortin, Quebec singer (Les Colocs) (d. 2000)
• 1964 - Ralph Garman, American actor and radio personality
• 1964 - Mitch Williams, Major League Baseball player
• 1965 - Amanda Brown (musician), Australian musician (The Go-Betweens) and composer
• 1966 - Jeff Buckley, American musician (d. 1997)
• 1966 - Sophie Marceau, French actress
• 1966 - Daisy Fuentes, Cuban model and actress
• 1966 - Kate Ceberano, Australian singer
• 1966 - Richard Fortus, American guitarist (Guns N' Roses)
• 1968 - Amber Michaels, German porn actress
• 1969 - Jean-Michel Saive, Belgian table tennis player
• 1969 - Ryotaro Okiayu, Japanese seiyu
• 1970 - Paul Allender, British guitarist (Cradle of Filth)
• 1972 - Leonard Roberts, American actor
• 1973 - Alexei Urmanov, Russian figure skater
• 1973 - Bernd Schneider (football), German footballer
• 1973 - Eli Marrero, American baseball player
• 1974 - Leslie Bibb, American actress
• 1975 - Diane Neal, American actress
• 1976 - Brandon Call, American actor
• 1977 - Ryk Neethling, South African swimmer
• 1978 - Reggie Wayne, American football player
• 1979 - Brad Bradley, American professional wrestler
• 1979 - Matthew Spring, English footballer
• 1980 - Isaac Hanson, American musician (Hanson (band))
• 1980 - Mercedes Martinez, professional wrestler
• 1981 - Sarah Harding, English singer (Girls Aloud)
• 1982 - Katie Feenstra, American basketball player
• 1983 - Ryan Braun, American baseball player
• 1983 - Christopher Paolini, author of Inheritance Trilogy
• 1983 - Nick Markakis, American baseball player
• 1986 - Nani (footballer), Portuguese football (soccer) player
• 1990 - Shanica Knowles, American actress
• 1992 - Darian Weiss, American actor
• 1994 - Raquel Castro, American actress

Deaths

• 375 - Valentinian I, Roman Emperor (b. 321)
• 594 - Gregory of Tours, bishop and historian (b. c.530s)
• 641 - Emperor Jomei of Japan (b. 593)
• 680 - Hilda of Whitby (b. 614)
• 885 - Queen Liutgard
• 1231 - Elisabeth of Hungary, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary (b. 1207)
• 1326 - Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel, English politician (b. 1285)
• 1494 - Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Italian philosopher (b. 1463)
• 1558 - Mary I of England (b. 1516)
• 1558 - Reginald Cardinal Pole, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1500)
• 1562 - Antoine de Bourbon, father of Henry IV of France (b. 1518)
• 1592 - John III of Sweden (b. 1537)
• 1600 - Kuki Yoshitaka, Japanese naval commander (b. 1542)
• 1632 - Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim, Bavarian field marshal (b. 1594)
• 1643 - Jean-Baptiste Budes, Comte de Guébriant, Marshal of France (b. 1602)
• 1648 - Thomas Ford (composer), English composer
• 1665 - John Earle (bishop), English bishop
• 1668 - Joseph Alleine, English preacher (b. 1634)
• 1690 - Charles de Sainte-Maure, duc de Montausier, French soldier (b. 1610)
• 1708 - Ludolf Backhuysen, Dutch painter (b. 1631)
• 1713 - Abraham van Riebeeck, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b. 1653)
• 1720 - Calico Jack, English pirate
• 1747 - Alain-René Lesage, French writer (b. 1668)
• 1768 - Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1693)
• 1776 - James Ferguson (1710-1776), British astronomer (b. 1710)
• 1780 - Bernardo Bellotto, Italian painter (b. 1720)
• 1794 - Jacques François Dugommier, French general (b. 1738)
• 1796 - Catherine II of Russia, Empress of Russia (b. 1729)
• 1808 - David Zeisberger, Moravian missionary (b. 1721)
• 1835 - Antoine Charles Horace Vernet, French painter (b. 1758)
• 1849 - Prince Alexander of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst, German priest and miracle-worker (b. 1794)
• 1858 - Robert Owen, British father of the cooperative movement (b. 1771)
• 1897 - George Hendric Houghton, American Protestant Episcopal clergyman (b. 1820)
• 1902 - Hugh Price Hughes, Methodist Social Reformer (b. 1847)
• 1905 - Adolphe of Luxembourg, (b. 1817)
• 1910 - Ralph Johnstone, pioneer pilot, 1st 'American' pilot killed in the crash of an airplane, Denver, Colorado.
• 1917 - Auguste Rodin, French sculptor (b. 1840)
• 1922 - Robert Comtesse, Swiss Federal Councillor (b. 1847)
• 1928 - Lala Lajpat Rai, Indian author, politician, & freedom fighter (b. 1865)
• 1929 - Herman Hollerith, American statistician (b. 1860)
• 1936 - Ernestine Schumann-Heink, Austrian contralto (b. 1861)
• 1937 - Jack Worrall, Australian cricketer (b. 1860)
• 1938 - Ante Trumbić, Croatian politician (b. 1864)
• 1940 - Eric Gill, British sculptor (b. 1882)
• 1940 - Raymond Pearl, American biologist (b. 1879)
• 1942 - Ben Reitman, American anarchist, physician (b. 1879)
• 1947 - Victor Serge, Russian anarchist, novelist, and historian (b. 1890)
• 1955 - James P. Johnson, American pianist and composer (b. 1894)
• 1958 - Mort Cooper, baseball player (b. 1913)
• 1959 - Heitor Villa-Lobos, Brazilian composer (b. 1887)
• 1968 - Mervyn Peake, British writer (b. 1911)
• 1973 - The Mother, Sri Aurobindo Ashram (b. 1878)
• 1979 - John Glascock, British bassist (Jethro Tull (band))
• 1980 - Shah Maghsoud Sadegh Angha, 41st Sufi master of Oveyssi order (b. 1916)
• 1982 - Eduard Tubin, Estonian composer (b. 1905)
• 1982 - Leonid Borisovitch Kogan, Russian violinist (b. 1924)
• 1986 - Georges Besse, French automobile executive (b. 1927)
• 1987 - Paul Derringer, baseball player (b. 1906)
• 1989 - Gus Farace, American gangster (b. 1960)
• 1990 - Robert Hofstadter, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics laureate (b. 1915)
• 1993 - Gérard D. Lévesque, Canadian politician (b. 1926)
• 1995 - Alan Hull, English Rock Musician (Lindisfarne (band))
• 1998 - Esther Rolle, American actress (b. 1920)
• 2000 - Louis Eugène Félix Néel, French physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics laureate (b. 1904)
• 2001 - Michael Karoli, German guitarist (b. 1948)
• 2002 - Abba Eban, Israeli diplomat (b. 1915)
• 2003 - Arthur Conley, American singer (b. 1946)
• 2003 - Don Gibson, American singer (b. 1928)
• 2004 - Mikael Ljungberg, Swedish wrestler (b. 1970)
• 2004 - Alexander Ragulin, Russian hockey player (b. 1941)
• 2005 - Marek Perepeczko, Polish actor (b. 1942)
• 2006 - Ruth Brown, American blues singer (b. 1928)
• 2006 - Ferenc Puskás, Hungarian footballer (b. 1927)
• 2006 - Bo Schembechler, American football coach (b. 1929)
• 2006 - Flo Sandon's, Italian singer (b. 1924)

Holidays and observances

• Calendar of Saints - Elisabeth of Hungary; Gregory of Tours; Hilda of Whitby; Hugh of Lincoln; Acisclus
• International Students Day
• Slovakia - Struggle for Freedom and Democracy Day commemorating the beginning of the Velvet Revolution in 1989.

External links

• BBC: On This Day
• On This Day in Canada

{| style="float:right;"|-||-| |} "Revolutionary Organization 17 November" is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising.

Events

• 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers.
• 473 - The future Zeno I is named associate emperor by Emperor Leo I.
• 1183 - Battle of Mizushima.
• 1292 - (Julian calendar) John I of Scotland becomes King of Scotland.
• 1511 - Spain and England ally against France.
• 1558 - Elizabethan era begins: Queen Mary I of England dies and is succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth I of England.
• 1603 - England exploration, writer and courtier Walter Raleigh goes on trial for treason.
• 1659 - Peace of the Pyrenees is signed between France and Spain.
• 1777 - Articles of Confederation submitted to the states for ratification.
• 1796 - Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Arcole - France forces defeat the Austrians in Italy.
• 1800 - The United States Capitol building in Washington, DC holds its first session of the Congress of the United States.
• 1812 - Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Krasnoi.
• 1820 - Captain Nathaniel Palmer becomes the first United States to see Antarctica (the Palmer Peninsula was later named after him).
• 1827 - The Delta Phi Fraternity, America's oldest continuous social fraternity, was founded at Union College in Schenectady, NY.
• 1831 - Ecuador and Venezuela separate from Greater Colombia.
• 1839 - Giuseppe Verdi's first opera, Oberto (opera) opens in Milan.
• 1855 - David Livingstone becomes the first European to see Victoria Falls in what is now present-day Zambia-Zimbabwe.
• 1856 - American Old West: On the Sonoita River in present-day southern Arizona, the United States Army establishes Fort Buchanan, Arizona in order to help control new land acquired in the Gadsden Purchase.
• 1858 - Modified Julian Day zero.
• 1863 - American Civil War: Siege of Knoxville begins - Confederate States of America forces led by General James Longstreet place Knoxville, Tennessee under siege.
• 1869 - In Egypt, the Suez Canal, linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea, is inaugurated in an elaborate ceremony.
• 1871 - The National Rifle Association is granted a charter by the state of New York.
• 1876 - Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's patriotic Slavonic March made its premiere in Moscow to a warm reception by the Russian people.
• 1878 - First assassination attempt against Umberto I of Italy.
• 1886 - Premiere of the opera Mignon by Ambroise Thomas.
• 1903 - The Russian Social Democratic Labor Party splits into two groups; the Bolsheviks (Russian language for "majority") and Mensheviks (Russian for "minority").
• 1903 - Dahomey (current Benin) becomes a French protectorate.
• 1905 - The Eulsa Treaty is signed between Japan and Korea.
• 1911 - The Omega Psi Phi fraternity, the first African-American fraternity at a historically black college or university, is founded at Howard University in Washington, DC.
• 1919 - King George V of the United Kingdom proclaims Armistice Day (later Remembrance Day). The idea was first suggested by Edward George Honey.
• 1922 - Former Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI goes into exile in Italy.
• 1933 - United States recognizes Soviet Union.
• 1939 - Nine Czech people students are executed as a response to anti-Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia demonstrations prompted by the death of Jan Opletal; in addition, Czech universities are shut down and over a thousand Czech students sent to concentration camps. November 17 declared International Student's day.
• 1939 - The Rome-Rio de Janeiro air connection is created.
• 1941 - World War II: Joseph Grew, the United States ambassador to Japan, cables the United States Department of State that Japan has plans to launch an Attack on Pearl Harbor against Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (his cable is ignored).
• 1950 - Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama, the 14th Dalai Lama, was enthroned as Tibet's head of state at the age of fifteen.
• 1953 - The remaining human inhabitants of the Blasket Islands, Kerry, Ireland were evacuated to the mainland.
• 1954 - Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser becomes president of Egypt.
• 1962 - President of the United States John F. Kennedy dedicates Dulles International Airport, serving the Washington, D.C. region.
• 1967 - Vietnam War: Acting on optimistic reports he was given on November 13, US President Lyndon B. Johnson tells his nation that, while much remained to be done, "We are inflicting greater losses than we're taking...We are making progress."
• 1968 - Alexandros Panagoulis condemned to death by the Greek Colonels' Junta.
• 1969 - Cold War: Negotiators from the Soviet Union and the United States meet in Helsinki to begin SALT I negotiations aimed at limiting the number of strategic weapons on both sides.
• 1970 - Vietnam War: Lieutenant William Calley goes on trial for the My Lai massacre.
• 1970 - Luna program: The Soviet Union lands Lunokhod 1 on Mare Imbrium (Sea of Rains) on the Moon. This is the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on another world and was released by the orbiting Luna 17 spacecraft.
• 1970 - Douglas Engelbart receives the patent for the first computer mouse.
• 1973 - Watergate scandal: In Orlando, Florida, US President Richard Nixon tells 400 Associated Press managing editors "I am not a crook".
• 1973 - The Athens Polytechnic Uprising against the military Greek military junta of 1967-1974 ends in a bloodshed in the Greek capital.
• 1974 - Worker-Peasant Alliance (Worker-Peasant Alliance) founded in Portugal, as a front of Communist Party of Portugal (Marxist-Leninist) (1974).
• 1978 - The Star Wars Holiday Special aired one time only on CBS.
• 1983 - The Zapatista Army of National Liberation is founded
• 1985 - The first edition of Phrack is released. It became the oldest computer underground magazine still running after its 20 years of existence.
• 1989 - Cold War: Velvet Revolution begins - In Czechoslovakia a student demonstration in Prague is quelled by riot police. This sparks an uprising aimed at overthrowing the communism government (it succeeds on December 29).
• 1990 - Fugendake, part of the Mount Unzen volcanic complex, Nagasaki prefecture, Japan becomes active again and erupts.
• 1997 - In Luxor, Egypt, 62 people are killed by 6 Islamic militants outside the Temple of Hatshepsut (The police then kill the assailants).
• 2000 - A catastrophic landslide in Log pod Mangartom, Slovenia, kills 7, and causes millions of Slovenian tolar of damage. It is one of the worst catastrophes in Slovenia in the past 100 years.
• 2000 - Alberto Fujimori is removed from office as president of Peru.
• 2003 - Arnold Schwarzenegger is inaugurated as Governor of California.
• 2004 - Kmart Corp. announces it is buying Sears, Roebuck and Co. for $11 billion and naming the newly merged company Sears Holdings Corporation.
• 2005 - Italy's choice of national anthem, Il Canto degli Italiani, becomes official in law for the first time, almost 60 years after it was provisionally chosen following the Birth of the Italian Republic.
• 2006 - Official naming of element 111, Roentgenium (Rg).

Births

• 9 - Vespasian, Roman Emperor (d. 79)
• 1502 - Atahualpa, last emperor of the Inca (d. 1533)
• 1503 - Agnolo Bronzino, Italian painter (d. 1572)
• 1576 - Roque Gonzales (missionary), Paraguayan missionary (d. 1628)
• 1587 - Joost van den Vondel, Dutch poet (d. 1679)
• 1612 - Dorgon, Manchu prince (d. 1650)
• 1681 - Pierre François le Courayer, French theologian (d. 1776)
• 1685 - Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de la Vérendrye, French-Canadian trader and explorer (d. 1749)
• 1717 - Jean le Rond d'Alembert, French mathematician (d. 1783)
• 1755 - Louis XVIII of France (d. 1824)
• 1765 - Étienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre MacDonald, French marshal (d. 1840)
• 1790 - August Ferdinand Möbius, German mathematician (d. 1868)
• 1793 - Charles Lock Eastlake, British painter (d. 1865)
• 1799 - Titian Peale, American artist (d. 1885)
• 1816 - August Wilhelm Ambros, Austrian composer (d. 1876)
• 1827 - Petko Slavejkov, Bulgarian writer (d. 1895)
• 1835 - Andrew L. Harris, governor of Ohio (d. 1915)
• 1854 - Hubert Lyautey, French general (d. 1934)
• 1857 - Joseph Babiński, Polish-French neurologist (d. 1932)
• 1866 - Voltairine de Cleyre, American anarchist (d. 1912)
• 1868 - Korbinian Brodmann, German neurologist (d. 1918)
• 1877 - Frank Calder, the first NHL President (d. 1943)
• 1878 - Grace Abbott, American social worker (d. 1939)
• 1878 - Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist (d. 1968)
• 1887 - Bernard Montgomery, British World War II commander (d. 1976)
• 1894 - Richard Nikolaus Graf Coudenhove-Kalergi, Austrian politician (d. 1972)
• 1895 - Mikhail Bakhtin, Russian philosopher (d. 1975)
• 1895 - Gregorio López y Fuentes, Mexican author (d. 1966)
• 1896 - Lev Vygotsky, Russian psychologist (d. 1934)
• 1897 - Frank Fay(U.S.-born), American actor (d. 1961)
• 1899 - Douglas Shearer, Canadian film sound engineer (d. 1971)
• 1901 - Walter Hallstein, German politician (d. 1982)
• 1901 - Lee Strasberg, Austrian director (d. 1982)
• 1902 - Eugene Wigner, Hungarian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1995)
• 1904 - Isamu Noguchi, American sculptor (d. 1988)
• 1905 - Queen Astrid of the Belgians (d. 1935)
• 1905 - Mischa Auer, American actor (d. 1967)
• 1906 - Soichiro Honda, Japanese automobile pioneer (d. 1992)
• 1906 - Rollie Stiles, American baseball player (d. 2007)
• 1907 - Israel Regardie, Aleister Crowley's secretary (d. 1985)
• 1911 - Christian Fouchet, French diplomat (d. 1974)
• 1916 - Shelby Foote, American historian (d. 2005)
• 1920 - Camillo Felgen, Luxembourgish singer (d. 2005)
• 1922 - Stanley Cohen (doctor), American biochemist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
• 1923 - Bert Sutcliffe, New Zealand cricketer (d. 2001)
• 1923 - Hubertus Brandenburg, Roman Catholic Bishop of Stockholm
• 1925 - Rock Hudson, American actor (d. 1985)
• 1925 - Charles Mackerras, Australian-born conductor
• 1927 - Robert Brown (US actor), American actor
• 1928 - Rance Howard, American actor
• 1929 - Norm Zauchin, baseball player (d. 1999)
• 1930 - Bob Mathias, American decathlete (d. 2006)
• 1935 - Bobby Joe Conrad, American football player
• 1935 - Toni Sailer, Austrian skier
• 1936 - Dahlia Ravikovitch, Israeli poet (d. 2005)
• 1937 - Peter Cook, British comedian (d. 1995)
• 1938 - Gordon Lightfoot, Canadian singer
• 1939 - Auberon Waugh, British author (d. 2001)
• 1940 - Luke Kelly, Irish folk music singer and banjo player
• 1942 - Martin Scorsese, American film director
• 1942 - Khang Khek Leu, Cambodian politician
• 1943 - Lauren Hutton, American actress
• 1944 - Jim Boeheim, Hall of Fame Coach
• 1944 - Danny DeVito, American actor
• 1944 - Rem Koolhaas, Dutch architect
• 1944 - Lorne Michaels, Canadian producer
• 1944 - Tom Seaver, baseball player
• 1945 - Elvin Hayes, American basketball player
• 1946 - Terry E. Branstad, Governor of Iowa
• 1946 - Martin Barre, English rock musician (Jethro Tull (band))
• 1947 - Steven E. de Souza, American scriptwriter
• 1947 - Inky Mark, Canadian politician
• 1948 - Howard Dean, American politician
• 1949 - Nguyễn Tấn Dũng, Prime Minister of Vietnam
• 1950 - Tom Walkinshaw, British businessman
• 1951 - Stephen Root, American actor
• 1951 - Dean Paul Martin, American singer and actor (d. 1987)
• 1952 - Ties Kruize, Dutch field hockey player
• 1954 - Mark Brandon Read, Australian criminal
• 1955 - Dennis Maruk, Canadian hockey player
• 1955 - Yolanda King, actress/activist, daughter of Martin Luther King, Jr. (d. 2007)
• 1957 - Debbie Thrower, BBC News Reader
• 1958 - Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, American actress
• 1960 - Jonathan Ross (English TV presenter), British presenter
• 1960 - Kirk Fogg, host of Legends of the Hidden Temple
• 1960 - RuPaul, American drag queen entertainer
• 1962 - Dédé Fortin, Quebec singer (Les Colocs) (d. 2000)
• 1964 - Ralph Garman, American actor and radio personality
• 1964 - Mitch Williams, Major League Baseball player
• 1965 - Amanda Brown (musician), Australian musician (The Go-Betweens) and composer
• 1966 - Jeff Buckley, American musician (d. 1997)
• 1966 - Sophie Marceau, French actress
• 1966 - Daisy Fuentes, Cuban model and actress
• 1966 - Kate Ceberano, Australian singer
• 1966 - Richard Fortus, American guitarist (Guns N' Roses)
• 1968 - Amber Michaels, German porn actress
• 1969 - Jean-Michel Saive, Belgian table tennis player
• 1969 - Ryotaro Okiayu, Japanese seiyu
• 1970 - Paul Allender, British guitarist (Cradle of Filth)
• 1972 - Leonard Roberts, American actor
• 1973 - Alexei Urmanov, Russian figure skater
• 1973 - Bernd Schneider (football), German footballer
• 1973 - Eli Marrero, American baseball player
• 1974 - Leslie Bibb, American actress
• 1975 - Diane Neal, American actress
• 1976 - Brandon Call, American actor
• 1977 - Ryk Neethling, South African swimmer
• 1978 - Reggie Wayne, American football player
• 1979 - Brad Bradley, American professional wrestler
• 1979 - Matthew Spring, English footballer
• 1980 - Isaac Hanson, American musician (Hanson (band))
• 1980 - Mercedes Martinez, professional wrestler
• 1981 - Sarah Harding, English singer (Girls Aloud)
• 1982 - Katie Feenstra, American basketball player
• 1983 - Ryan Braun, American baseball player
• 1983 - Christopher Paolini, author of Inheritance Trilogy
• 1983 - Nick Markakis, American baseball player
• 1986 - Nani (footballer), Portuguese football (soccer) player
• 1990 - Shanica Knowles, American actress
• 1992 - Darian Weiss, American actor
• 1994 - Raquel Castro, American actress

Deaths

• 375 - Valentinian I, Roman Emperor (b. 321)
• 594 - Gregory of Tours, bishop and historian (b. c.530s)
• 641 - Emperor Jomei of Japan (b. 593)
• 680 - Hilda of Whitby (b. 614)
• 885 - Queen Liutgard
• 1231 - Elisabeth of Hungary, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary (b. 1207)
• 1326 - Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel, English politician (b. 1285)
• 1494 - Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Italian philosopher (b. 1463)
• 1558 - Mary I of England (b. 1516)
• 1558 - Reginald Cardinal Pole, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1500)
• 1562 - Antoine de Bourbon, father of Henry IV of France (b. 1518)
• 1592 - John III of Sweden (b. 1537)
• 1600 - Kuki Yoshitaka, Japanese naval commander (b. 1542)
• 1632 - Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim, Bavarian field marshal (b. 1594)
• 1643 - Jean-Baptiste Budes, Comte de Guébriant, Marshal of France (b. 1602)
• 1648 - Thomas Ford (composer), English composer
• 1665 - John Earle (bishop), English bishop
• 1668 - Joseph Alleine, English preacher (b. 1634)
• 1690 - Charles de Sainte-Maure, duc de Montausier, French soldier (b. 1610)
• 1708 - Ludolf Backhuysen, Dutch painter (b. 1631)
• 1713 - Abraham van Riebeeck, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b. 1653)
• 1720 - Calico Jack, English pirate
• 1747 - Alain-René Lesage, French writer (b. 1668)
• 1768 - Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1693)
• 1776 - James Ferguson (1710-1776), British astronomer (b. 1710)
• 1780 - Bernardo Bellotto, Italian painter (b. 1720)
• 1794 - Jacques François Dugommier, French general (b. 1738)
• 1796 - Catherine II of Russia, Empress of Russia (b. 1729)
• 1808 - David Zeisberger, Moravian missionary (b. 1721)
• 1835 - Antoine Charles Horace Vernet, French painter (b. 1758)
• 1849 - Prince Alexander of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst, German priest and miracle-worker (b. 1794)
• 1858 - Robert Owen, British father of the cooperative movement (b. 1771)
• 1897 - George Hendric Houghton, American Protestant Episcopal clergyman (b. 1820)
• 1902 - Hugh Price Hughes, Methodist Social Reformer (b. 1847)
• 1905 - Adolphe of Luxembourg, (b. 1817)
• 1910 - Ralph Johnstone, pioneer pilot, 1st 'American' pilot killed in the crash of an airplane, Denver, Colorado.
• 1917 - Auguste Rodin, French sculptor (b. 1840)
• 1922 - Robert Comtesse, Swiss Federal Councillor (b. 1847)
• 1928 - Lala Lajpat Rai, Indian author, politician, & freedom fighter (b. 1865)
• 1929 - Herman Hollerith, American statistician (b. 1860)
• 1936 - Ernestine Schumann-Heink, Austrian contralto (b. 1861)
• 1937 - Jack Worrall, Australian cricketer (b. 1860)
• 1938 - Ante Trumbić, Croatian politician (b. 1864)
• 1940 - Eric Gill, British sculptor (b. 1882)
• 1940 - Raymond Pearl, American biologist (b. 1879)
• 1942 - Ben Reitman, American anarchist, physician (b. 1879)
• 1947 - Victor Serge, Russian anarchist, novelist, and historian (b. 1890)
• 1955 - James P. Johnson, American pianist and composer (b. 1894)
• 1958 - Mort Cooper, baseball player (b. 1913)
• 1959 - Heitor Villa-Lobos, Brazilian composer (b. 1887)
• 1968 - Mervyn Peake, British writer (b. 1911)
• 1973 - The Mother, Sri Aurobindo Ashram (b. 1878)
• 1979 - John Glascock, British bassist (Jethro Tull (band))
• 1980 - Shah Maghsoud Sadegh Angha, 41st Sufi master of Oveyssi order (b. 1916)
• 1982 - Eduard Tubin, Estonian composer (b. 1905)
• 1982 - Leonid Borisovitch Kogan, Russian violinist (b. 1924)
• 1986 - Georges Besse, French automobile executive (b. 1927)
• 1987 - Paul Derringer, baseball player (b. 1906)
• 1989 - Gus Farace, American gangster (b. 1960)
• 1990 - Robert Hofstadter, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics laureate (b. 1915)
• 1993 - Gérard D. Lévesque, Canadian politician (b. 1926)
• 1995 - Alan Hull, English Rock Musician (Lindisfarne (band))
• 1998 - Esther Rolle, American actress (b. 1920)
• 2000 - Louis Eugène Félix Néel, French physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics laureate (b. 1904)
• 2001 - Michael Karoli, German guitarist (b. 1948)
• 2002 - Abba Eban, Israeli diplomat (b. 1915)
• 2003 - Arthur Conley, American singer (b. 1946)
• 2003 - Don Gibson, American singer (b. 1928)
• 2004 - Mikael Ljungberg, Swedish wrestler (b. 1970)
• 2004 - Alexander Ragulin, Russian hockey player (b. 1941)
• 2005 - Marek Perepeczko, Polish actor (b. 1942)
• 2006 - Ruth Brown, American blues singer (b. 1928)
• 2006 - Ferenc Puskás, Hungarian footballer (b. 1927)
• 2006 - Bo Schembechler, American football coach (b. 1929)
• 2006 - Flo Sandon's, Italian singer (b. 1924)

Holidays and observances

• Calendar of Saints - Elisabeth of Hungary; Gregory of Tours; Hilda of Whitby; Hugh of Lincoln; Acisclus
• International Students Day
• Slovakia - Struggle for Freedom and Democracy Day commemorating the beginning of the Velvet Revolution in 1989.

External links

• BBC: On This Day
• On This Day in Canada

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